VITAMINS AND ANTIOXIDANTS CAN KILL YOU!
Vitamin Supplements Associated With Increased Risk for Death
By Emma Hitt, PhD, from Medscape
October 10, 2011 — In women aged 55 to 69 years, several widely used dietary vitamin and mineral supplements, especially supplemental iron, may be associated with increased risk for death, according to new findings from the Iowa Women’s Health Study.
Although many vitamin supplements did not appear to be associated with a higher risk for total mortality, several were, including multivitamins, vitamins B6, and folic acid, as well as minerals iron, magnesium, zinc, and copper.
Jaakko Mursu, PhD, from the Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition at the University of Eastern Finland in Kuopio, Finland, and colleagues reported their findings in the October 10 issue of the Archives of Internal Medicine.
“Supplements are widely used, and further studies regarding their health effects are needed,” Dr. Mursu and colleagues write. “Also, little is known about the long-term effects of multivitamin use and less commonly used supplements, such as iron and other minerals.”
The current study sought to evaluate the link between supplement use and total mortality rate, using data from the Iowa Women’s Health Study. A total of 38,772 older women were included in the analysis. Women were aged between 55 to 69 years, with an average of 61.6 years at the beginning of the study in 1986. Self-reported data on vitamin supplement use were collected in 1986, 1997, and 2004.
A total of 15,594 deaths were reported through December 31, 2008, representing about 40% of the initial participants. The use of multivitamins overall was associated with 2.4% increased absolute risk for death (hazard ratio, 1.06; 95% confidence interval, 1.02 – 1.10). Self-reported use of dietary supplements increased substantially between 1986 and 2004. In addition, supplement users had a higher educational level, were more physically active, and were more likely to use estrogen replacement therapy.
Vitamin B6, folic acid, iron, magnesium, and zinc were associated with about a 3% to 6% increased risk for death, whereas copper was associated with an 18.0% increased risk for total mortality when compared with corresponding nonuse.
In contrast, use of calcium was inversely related to risk for death (hazard ratio, 0.91; 95% confidence interval, 0.88 – 0.94; absolute risk reduction, 3.8%).
The researchers assessed the findings for iron and calcium in more detailed analyses conducted during shorter periods (10-year, 6-year, and 4-year follow-up) and found results similar to those for the analyses conducted during the entire time.
“In agreement with our hypothesis, most of the supplements studied were not associated with a reduced total mortality rate in older women,” Dr. Mursu and colleagues conclude. “In contrast, we found that several commonly used dietary vitamin and mineral supplements, including multivitamins, vitamins B6, and folic acid, as well as minerals iron, magnesium, zinc, and copper, were associated with a higher risk of total mortality.”
“Although we cannot rule out benefits of supplements, such as improved quality of life, our study raises a concern regarding their long-term safety,” the authors add.
In a related editorial, Goran Bjelakovic, MD, DMSc, and Christian Gluud, MD, DMSc, from the Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark, note that the current study adds “to the growing evidence demonstrating that certain antioxidant supplements, such as vitamin E, vitamin A, and beta-carotene, can be harmful.”
“We cannot recommend the use of vitamin and mineral supplements as a preventive measure, at least not in a well-nourished population,” they add. “Those supplements do not replace or add to the benefits of eating fruits and vegetables and may cause unwanted health consequences.”
Dr. Pinna says:
This study is going to shake up the vitamin and supplement industry.
Whether it is the “final word†remains to be seen. There will be other studies to follow.
One thing is certain: the entire hypothesis of the use of “Anti-Oxidants†to increase longevity and to decrease disease is now under intense fire.
The use of “Anti-Oxidants†is based on the “Free Radical Theory of Aging,†a theory which was TOTALLY UNKNOWN PRIOR TO THE 1950’S!
THE FREE RADICAL THEORY
The use of vitamins and other supplements to ensure health and longevity is based on the Free Radical Theory.
The Free Radical Theory is explained in the following excerpt from Wikipedia…
The free radical theory of aging was conceived by Denham Harman in the 1950s, when prevailing scientific opinion held that free radicals were too unstable to exist in biological systems, and before anybody had invoked free radicals as a cause of degenerative diseases.
Two sources inspired Harman:
1) the rate of living theory, which holds that lifespan is an inverse function of metabolic rate. In turn, this is proportional to oxygen consumption, and
2) Rebbeca Gershman’s observation that hyperbaric oxygen toxicity and radiation toxicity could be explained by the same underlying phenomenon: oxygen free radicals. Noting that radiation causes “mutation, cancer and aging”
Harman argued that oxygen free radicals produced during normal respiration would cause cumulative damage which would eventually lead to organismal loss of functionality, and ultimately death.
In later years, the free radical theory was expanded to include not only aging per se, but also age related diseases.
Free radical damage within cells has been linked to a range of disorders including cancer, arthritis, atherosclerosis,Alzheimer’s disease, and diabetes.
WHAT IS A “FREE RADICAL�??
The name sounds spooky. “Free Radical� Could be a political organization.
In reality, a “free radical†is just a lonely atom or molecule looking for a mate.
Isn’t that better?
Most of us forget that we are nothing more than a mass of atoms swirling around in space.
These atoms are seeking to find their Nirvana which consists in a heavenly balance of their electrons.
An atom is composed of a nucleus and a number of electrons whirling above that nucleus. The electrons have paths (or roads) for their movement.
If an a path (road) is empty, the atom is unhappy and seeks another atom or molecule with an extra electron.
When an atom or molecule is found, the two unite, and they are happy and stable.
This movement towards stability underlies the entire universe. It is reflected in the First Law of Thermodynamics which states that …
Energy can be neither created nor destroyed. It can only change forms. In any process in an isolated system, the total energy remains the same.
What this means is that all atoms and molecules are moving towards stability. If an atom or molecule has an empty orbit, it will interact with other atoms and molecules until it finds an extra electron for that orbit and then the the new couple will remain steady.
If we were to make a comparison with living beings, we would say that the newly combined pair of atoms or molecules are “MARRIED.†They no longer seek a partner.
Neither of the two atoms or molecules interact with others. They are stable. Stability or “entropy†seems to be the goal of the physical universe.
This concept of “Free Radicals†seeking other molecules to “marry†is explained in a short article by Nathan c. Nelson of
Ohio State University…
The free radical theory of aging
Nathan C. Nelson
Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43201
Abstract. Free radicals are atoms with unpaired electrons.
According to the free radical theory, radicals damage cells in an organism, causing aging.
Mitochondria, regions of the cell that manufacture chemical energy, produce free radicals and are the primary sites for free radical damage.
By eliminating free radicals from cells through genetic means and dietary restriction, laboratories have extended the maximum age of laboratory animals.
The administration of antioxidants, which eliminate radicals, to laboratory animals fails to increase maximum lifespan.
The nucleus of an atom is surrounded by a cloud of electrons. These electrons surround the nucleus in pairs, but, occasionally, an atom loses an electron, leaving the atom with an unpaired electron.
The atom is then called a “free radical,” or sometimes just a “radical,” and is very reactive.
When cells in the body encounter a radical, the reactive radical may cause destruction in the cell.
According to the free radical theory of aging, cells continuously produce free radicals, and constant radical damage eventually kills the cell.
When radicals kill or damage enough cells in an organism, the organism ages.1
The production of radical oxygen, the most common radical in biological systems, occurs mostly within the mitochondria of a cell.
Mitochondria are small membrane-enclosed regions of a cell that produce the chemicals a cell uses for energy. Mitochondria accomplish this task through a mechanism called the “electron transport chain.”
In this mechanism, electrons are passed between different molecules, with each pass producing useful chemical energy. Oxygen occupies the final position in the electron transport chain. Occasionally, the passed electron incorrectly interacts with oxygen, producing oxygen in radical form.2
The primary site of radical oxygen damage is mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA).
Every cell contains an enormous set of molecules called DNA which provide chemical instructions for a cell to function. This DNA is found in the nucleus of the cell, which serves as the “command center” of the cell, as well as in the mitochondria.
The cell fixes much of the damage done to nuclear DNA. However, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cannot be readily fixed.
Therefore, extensive mtDNA damage accumulates over time and shuts down mitochondria, causing cells to die and the organism to age.4
Protection of mtDNA from radicals slows aging in laboratory animals. Some laboratories have produced fruit flies that live one-third longer than normal fruit flies.
These labs genetically altered the fruit flies to produce more natural antioxidants.
Antioxidants are molecules that eliminate radicals, so elevated levels of antioxidants prevent much of the mtDNA damage done by radicals.3
Other labs severely restricted the food intake of laboratory rats, causing a 50% increase in maximum lifespan compared to rats allowed to eat freely.2
The mitochondria of starved rats are not provided with enough material to function at full capacity. Therefore, the electron transport chains in mitochondria of the starved rats pass fewer electrons. With fewer electrons passed, fewer oxygen radicals are produced, so aging slows.
One main problem with the free radical theory is the failure of antioxidants administered as dietary supplements, like vitamins E and C, to significantly increase maximum lifespan.
Proponents of the radical theory believe that dietary antioxidants, unlike natural antioxidants produced by cells, do not reach mitochondrial DNA, leaving this site susceptible to radical attack.
Interestingly, even though supplemental antioxidants fail to increase maximum lifespan, they do increase the chances of living to the maximum lifespan.
This may be due to antioxidant protection of other parts of the cell, like cellular proteins and membranes, from radical damage.2
The goal of all research on the free radical theory is to slow aging and increase maximum lifespan. The achievements so far are astounding; increasing the lifespan of fruit flies and rats is an impressive feat. Despite such success, no practical applications of the theory have been perfected.
Genetic alteration is both controversial and difficult for humans. Starvation, while lengthening lifespan, is an unappealing alternative. Dietary antioxidants fail to increase maximum lifespan. However, the production of radicals and their role in aging is well understood. Further research may apply this knowledge in the development of a practical method to prevent or repair mtDNA radical damage.
References:
1. D. Harman, J. Gerontol. 11, 298-300 (1956).
2. R.J. Mehlhorn, in Physiological Basis of Aging and Geriatrics, edited by Paola S. Timiras (CRC Press, Ann Arbor, 1994), pp. 61-72.
3. JA Knight, J. Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science 28, 331-346 (1998).
4. Takayuki Ozawa in Understanding the Process of Aging, edited by Enrique Cadenas and Lester Packer (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1999), pp. 265-292.
PARTIAL SUMMARY
What we are seeing from this science of free radicals is that some molecules produced in the energy section of our mitochondria lack an electron.
This is the result of probability.
So many molecules are being produced that some lack as electron.
Those molecules lacking an electron search for that electron amongst other molecules in the mitochondria.
When they find a molecule with an extra electron, they “marry†that molecule and take it out of action.
This is called “Oxidation.â€
“Oxidation†causes death of the mitochondria which, in turn, causes death of the cell.
Death of the cell causes disease and aging.
ANTI-OXIDANTS ARE MOLECULES CARRYING AN EXTRA ELECTRON.
ANTI-OXIDANTS PREVENT THE FREE RADICAL FROM UNITING WITH USEFUL MOLECULES IN THE MITOCHONDRIA BY SUPPLYING THE FREE RADICAL WITH THE NECESSARY ELECTRON.
Unfortunately, according to Professor Nelson, the only antioxidants that can protect the mitochondria, are those produced within the mitochondria genetically.
Those anti-oxidants taken as supplements do not reach the mitochondria and have no effect on survival.
THIS IS PRIMARY ARGUMENT AGAINST TAKING SUPPLEMENTS SUCH AS ANTI-OXIDANTS.
WHY DO ANTI-OXIDANTS KILL US?
According to the first study quoted above, not only are supplemental anti-oxidants and vitamins not helpful, they are actually deadly and should be avoided!
The question arises: Why?
One scientist who believes he has the answer is Randolph Michael Howes M.D., PhD. (Plastic surgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore)
Dr. Howes believes that the Free Radical Theory is incorrect and that a belief in the Free Radical Theory is the cause of the increased death rate of people taking antioxidants.
Here is part of Dr. Howes advice:
“Use of the scientific method is designed to establish scientific fact and accordingly, the free radical theory, which lacks predictive value, has repeatedly been shown to be a non-viable scientific theory.
Had the free radical theory been correct, common diseases would be on the downslide, arterioscloerosis would be blocked, cancer would be stopped, diabetes would be declining, and aging would be conquered. None of that has happened with the use of antioxidants and to the contrary, these diseases are nationally and globally at pandemic levels.
If the free radical theory is wrong, then the antioxidants would not be expected to prevent common diseases or to stop aging. That is essentially what has been found to be the case. Also, according to the free radical theory, if these damaging radicals were removed from the body, overall health would improve, mortality would decrease and life span would increase. In contrast to the failed predictions of the now discredited free radical theory, antioxidants are either without effect on disease occurrence or progression or they cause harmful adverse reactions and increase mortality by a conservative estimate of up to five percent. 10
This is a threatening and dangerous scenario due to the unjustified, widespread global use of antioxidants.
Additionally, manufacturers are not adequately informing a confused and misled public about the potential dangers and increased mortality of antioxiant vitamins. This lack of concern for public safety incriminates those who sell these products, which are known to increase mortality. The populus has been and continues to be “radically misled” and the use of antioxidants is still the current rage.
Dr. Howes believes that “Free Radicals†are necessary for health. He calls “Free Radicals†EMODS or “electronically modified oxygen derivatives.â€
Here is his side…
“Electronically modified oxygen derivatives (EMODs) are produced as by-products of oxidative metabolism. A major function for EMODs is immunological host defense. Recent evidence indicates that EMODs also function as signaling molecules. 85 “
“Restoration of blood flow after ischemia results in generation of reactive oxygen species (EMODs), which are commonly considered a main contributor to cell death by lipid peroxidation, oxidative modification of proteins, and DNA.â€
“However, recent investigations in signal transduction demonstrate that EMODs at a low concentration may also serve as an intracellular messenger to induce “defensive” or “repair” mechanisms against tissue injury. For example, EMOD generation during ischemic preconditioning 86 or anesthetic preconditioning 87 mediate the protection against prolonged ischemia.â€
DR. HOWE’S CONCLUSION
Antioxidant supplements are sold in combination with other supplements. 92, 93 Because of the widespread use of antioxidant supplements by 10% to 30% of the adult population (80-160 million people) in North America and Europe, 10 this is a serious public health issue and the potential for harm or increased mortality is highly significant.
It now appears that antioxidant vitamins may be agents of “death in small doses” and it seems likely that this implies an associated legal liability and a significant public health safety issue.
Antioxidants can block crucial EMOD functions, including sperm and ova function, apoptosis, the respiratory burst, protein translation, phagocytosis and detoxification. 94-96 Excessive antioxidants could dangerously interfere with these protective functions, while temporary depletion of antioxidants can enhance anti-cancer effects of apoptosis.
I believe that EMODs are of low toxicity and are essential secondary cellular messengers. We must endeavor to maintain adequate levels of prooxidant protection from pathogens and neoplasia.
Conclusion
The lofty predictions of the discredited free radical theory, as regards the ability of antioxidants to prevent, nullify or reverse mankind’s common diseases and aging have fallen woefully short. To the contrary, the antioxidant vitamins actually increase the risk of the diseases they were supposed to cure or prevent and they increase mortality.
At this point in time, randomized controlled trials have accumulated convincing data showing the ineffectiveness and dangers of common antioxidants, such as vitamins beta carotene, A, C and E. These same vitamins are promoted and marketed with near reckless abandon regarding consumer safety.
Because of the quantity and quality of the scientific data, there is now a legal and moral liability issue associated with their unrestrained use. We must make patient and consumer safety our number one priority
DR PINNA’S CONCLUSION
I agree with Dr. Howe.
The Free Radical Theory presents an hypothesis for the fact that all living things age.
This hypothesis, that the mitochondria produce molecules (free radicals) which in turn destroy the mitochondria, a situation which in turn destroys the cell, has not been proven in any way.
Cells do age and living beings age, but there is absolutely no shred of proof that “Free Radicals†are the cause.
Therefore, the destruction of “Free Radicals†is either worthless or harmful.
All studies show that it is harmful.
WHAT CAUSES AGING?
The evidence, so far, indicates that aging occurs in the nucleus, through the inability of DNA to replicate.
This inability to replicate appears to be associated with the “Telomeres†of the DNA itself.
As yet, we do not know this process.
Attacking Free Radicals, through the use of antioxidants, has been shown, over and over, to be wrong—and dangerous!
Popularity: 1% [?]
Filed Under: Diabetes • Food • Health • Vitamin D • Vitamin K
